Dr. Matiur Rahman :
In recent decades, the global political economy has increasingly incorporated environmental considerations, leading to the emergence of what many scholars term “green neoliberalism.” This approach combines the market-oriented principles of neoliberalism with policies aimed at promoting environmental sustainability. Historically marked by its struggle against poverty and natural disasters, Bangladesh presents a fascinating case study explaining how green neoliberalism shapes development trajectories.
Bangladesh’s development journey has been a complex interplay of economic growth, social progress, and environmental challenges. The nation’s adoption of green neoliberal policies reflects broader global trends and domestic necessities. At the heart of this shift is recognising that sustainable development requires balancing economic ambitions with environmental stewardship.
Since gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh has made significant strides in reducing poverty and improving human development indicators. However, this progress has often been accompanied by severe environmental degradation. Rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, and agricultural expansion have affected the country’s natural resources. Water pollution, deforestation, and air quality deterioration are pressing issues threatening the health and livelihoods of millions of Bangladeshis.
The concept of green neoliberalism in Bangladesh can be traced back to the early 2000s when the government began integrating environmental considerations into its economic policies. This shift was partly driven by international pressure and the growing influence of global environmental movements. International organisations, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, increasingly emphasised the need for sustainable development practices, linking financial assistance to environmental reforms.
One of the key features of green neoliberalism is the reliance on market-based mechanisms to address environmental issues. In Bangladesh, this has manifested in various ways. The government has implemented policies to promote renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, through subsidies and incentives for private sector investment. These efforts have reduced the country’s dependence on fossil fuels and created new economic opportunities and jobs in the renewable energy sector.
Another significant aspect of Bangladesh’s green neoliberal approach is the promotion of sustainable agriculture. In collaboration with international organisations, the government has introduced initiatives to encourage farmers to adopt eco-friendly practices. This includes using organic fertilisers, integrated pest management, and water-efficient irrigation techniques. Such measures aim to increase agricultural productivity while minimising environmental harm, thereby simultaneously addressing food security and ecological sustainability.
Urbanisation in Bangladesh presents both challenges and opportunities for green neoliberalism. The rapid growth of cities has increased pollution and strain on infrastructure, but it also offers a chance to implement sustainable urban planning. The government has initiated projects to develop green spaces, improve waste management, and promote public transportation. These initiatives are designed to create healthier living environments and reduce the ecological footprint of urban areas.
However, implementing green neoliberal policies in Bangladesh is not without criticism. Critics argue that the emphasis on market mechanisms often leads to the marginalisation of vulnerable communities. For instance, promoting commercial agriculture can result in land grabbing and displacement of small farmers. Similarly, urban development projects might prioritise the needs of the affluent, neglecting people with low incomes most affected by environmental degradation.
Moreover, there is concern that green neoliberalism prioritises economic growth over genuine environmental conservation. While market-based solutions can drive technological innovation and efficiency, they might not always address the root causes of ecological problems. For instance, focusing on renewable energy might overshadow the need to reduce overall energy consumption and promote more sustainable lifestyles.
The role of international organisations in shaping Bangladesh’s green neoliberal trajectory cannot be overstated. Institutions like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank provide financial and technical support for environmental projects, often with conditions that align with neoliberal principles. While this support is crucial for a resource-constrained country like Bangladesh, it also raises questions about sovereignty and the influence of external actors on domestic policy-making.
Climate change has become a central concern for Bangladesh in recent years, influencing its development policies. The country is most vulnerable to climate change impacts, including rising sea levels, increased frequency of cyclones, and erratic rainfall patterns. In response, the government has developed comprehensive climate action plans, integrating mitigation and adaptation strategies into its broader development agenda.
Bangladesh’s experience with green neoliberalism offers valuable lessons for other developing countries. It highlights the potential of market-based solutions to drive environmental progress and underscores the importance of inclusive policies that consider the needs of all citizens. Sustainable development requires a holistic approach that balances economic, social, and environmental goals.
The future trajectory of Bangladesh’s development will likely continue to be shaped by the principles of green neoliberalism but with an increasing focus on equity and resilience. As the country navigates the challenges of the 21st century, including climate change and global economic shifts, it will need to innovate and adapt its policies to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.
Green neoliberalism in Bangladesh represents a complex and evolving approach to development. It reflects a broader global trend towards integrating environmental considerations into economic policies, driven by domestic needs and international influences.
While it offers promising solutions for sustainable development, it also poses challenges that require careful management to ensure the benefits are equally distributed. Bangladesh’s journey provides a microcosm of the broader global struggle to achieve sustainable development in an era of environmental uncertainty and economic change.
(The writer is a researcher and
development worker).