Md. Bazlur Rashid :
Bangladesh, a nation that embodies resilience in adversity, proudly upholds a vibrant democracy. Yet, beneath this resilient surface, a complex interplay of power unfolds. Through the insightful lens of C. Wright Mills’ Power-Elite Model, we can unravel how a concentrated group exerts significant influence across various spheres of Bangladeshi society.
The Power-Elite Model provides a valuable framework for understanding power dynamics in Bangladesh. However, it’s essential to acknowledge its limitations. Bangladesh’s social landscape is constantly evolving, shaped by a burgeoning middle class, an increasingly tech-savvy population, and a growing awareness of social justice issues. These changes present both challenges and opportunities for the existing power structures.
Bangladesh’s political landscape exhibits characteristics that align with the power elite model. Political parties, particularly the dominant ones-the Awami League (AL) and Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)-have historically been led by powerful families. Dynastic politics concentrates power within a select few, potentially limiting the influence of the broader public.
Additionally, political parties often forge alliances with business elites, creating a web of influence where economic interests can subtly shape political decisions. This nexus of power can be seen in sectors like infrastructure development, where contracts might favour companies with close ties to the ruling party.
However, Bangladesh’s political scene significantly deviates from the power elite model. A vibrant civil society and a vocal media landscape allow for some degree of public scrutiny and dissent. Social movements and protests on corruption or environmental degradation demonstrate that the political elite cannot entirely control the narrative.
Furthermore, the strength of local government institutions and the influence of rural power structures add complexity to the power equation. Regional leaders, often with solid landownership ties, can wield significant impact within their communities, potentially challenging the centralised control of the national elite.
Elections without flaws offer a crucial opportunity for the public to voice their concerns and hold the political elite accountable – the very act of campaigning forces political parties to acknowledge the needs and aspirations of the broader population.
Bangladesh’s economic sphere is more nuanced than the Power-Elite Model suggests. While influential business houses undoubtedly play a crucial role, the informal sector and the dominance of agriculture complicate the model. Millions of Bangladeshis rely on small businesses and micro-entrepreneurship for their livelihoods.
This decentralised economic activity creates a power dynamic distinct from the concentrated control envisioned by Mills. Street vendors, market traders, and rickshaw pullers contribute significantly to the national economy, demonstrating that economic power is not solely wielded by a select few at the top.
The influence of international aid agencies and development partners cannot be ignored. These external actors can shape economic policies and infrastructure projects, introducing another layer of complexity to the power equation. Their funding priorities can influence economic development, potentially creating a situation where external actors hold some sway over domestic monetary policies.
The Bangladesh military’s position in the power structure is a subject of ongoing debate. While it has historically intervened in politics, particularly during the early years of independence, its role has become more restrained in recent decades.
The military leadership maintains a focus on professional development and national security. It has undergone significant reforms, prioritising modernisation and defence preparedness in the face of regional security concerns.
However, its influence on national security policy and occasional involvement in disaster relief efforts highlight its potential to exert power beyond the strictly military domain. The delicate balance lies in ensuring the military remains professional and apolitical while acknowledging its role in safeguarding national security and contributing to disaster response efforts.
Landownership, particularly in rural areas, continues to be a significant source of power and social status. Large and small landlords wield influence within their communities, potentially shaping local politics and economic opportunities. Additionally, religious leaders and influential figures within communities, like village heads or respected elders, can sway public opinion and influence social norms. Their pronouncements on social issues can carry significant weight, shaping societal discourse and behaviour.
The expanding middle class, with its aspirations for improved living standards and access to education, has the potential to become a powerful force demanding greater transparency and accountability from the political elite. Social media platforms empower citizens to voice their opinions, potentially fostering a more participatory political environment. However, these platforms also pose challenges, as the spread of misinformation and the rise of echo chambers can further polarise society.
The future of power in Bangladesh lies in navigating a more collaborative approach. While powerful elites will undoubtedly continue to play a significant role, fostering more excellent dialogue and inclusion is crucial. Empowering local communities, ensuring equitable access to education and healthcare, and promoting gender equality are all steps towards a more balanced power distribution.
Encouraging a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship can further diversify the economic landscape, reducing dependence on a few business houses. Fostering a strong and independent judiciary is essential for holding all actors accountable and ensuring the rule of law prevails. This collaborative approach provides a more balanced power distribution and engages all stakeholders in the nation’s progress.
Acknowledging the power of the informal sector, the influence of social movements, and the evolving role of technology gives us a more comprehensive picture. The future of energy in Bangladesh lies in fostering collaboration, promoting inclusion, and empowering various stakeholders to contribute to the nation’s progress. As Bangladesh continues to navigate its journey towards development, understanding the intricate web of power will be crucial for ensuring a prosperous and just future.
(The writer is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Sociology, Tejgaon College).
