Agency :
The United Nations verified 3,688 cases of conflict-related sexual violence around the world last year, a significant increase of 50% from 2022. This is certainly a vast underestimate of the true number of cases.
A report by the UN secretary-general in April mentioned a number of specific countries where sexual violence – and conflict – have long been intertwined, including Congo, Haiti, Sudan and the Central African Republic.
Another country in the report, however, has received far less attention from the global community when it comes to sexual violence: Myanmar.
Since gaining independence from British in 1948, Myanmar has suffered through a series of brutal military regimes and ethnic armed conflicts. In the past three years, the country has descended into a full-blown civil war.
The military has used and continues to use sexual violence as a war tactic to punish and extract information from ethnic communities. Women and girls are the primary targets, although men and boys are often reported as victims.
In 2017, the military committed what the UN branded a “textbook” case of ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya Muslim minority in Rakhine state, which included widespread sexual violence.
Medics treating Rohingya victims at refugee camps in Bangladesh told Reuters hundreds of women had injuries from violent sexual assaults. Another group, Medecins Sans Frontieres, said more than half of the victims it had treated for sexual assaults were under the age of 18.
The military junta removed the democratic government in a coup in 2021. Since then there have been increasing reports of rape and sexual violence against women, men, girls, and boys.
Female political activists are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence. The UN reports that women, girls and transgender women face high risks of sexual violence, including gang rape, when travelling through checkpoints.
Last year, Naw Hser Hser, the first human rights activist to brief the UN Security Council since the coup, said sexual violence was the “modus operandi” of the military.
These crimes have predominantly been committed by Myanmar’s military. There have also been reports, though, of incidents involving the People’s Defence Force and ethnic armed organizations.
As the UN report in April noted: In cases of kidnapping by armed actors, the wives of kidnapped men received calls demanding sexual acts in exchange for their husband’s release.
Conflict dynamics compounded by economic desperation continued to drive trafficking within, out of and into Myanmar, as part of which victims were raped, gang raped and forced into sexual slavery.
The report said some cases have been investigated by the National Unity Government, the shadow government formed after the coup.
Impunity for atrocities
Conflict-related sexual violence has been widely recognized in international law, including under the Geneva Convention 1948. Yet prosecutions are challenging.
Pramila Patten, the UN special representative on sexual violence in conflict, said in April that “far too many perpetrators of wartime sexual violence still walk free, while women and girls walk in fear.”