Shab-e-Bara’at and merits of Sha’ban

Mufti Taqi Usmani :
Sha’ban is one of the meritorious months for which we find some particular instructions in the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. It is reported in the authentic Ahadith that Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to fast most of the month in Sha’ban. These fasts were not obligatory on him but Sha’ban is the month immediately preceding the month of Ramadan. Therefore, some preparatory measures are suggested by Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam. Some of these are given below:
1. The blessed companion Anas Radi-Allahu anhu, reports that Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam was asked, “Which fast is the most meritorious after the fasts of Ramadan?” He replied, “Fasts of Shaban in honour of Ramadan.”
2. The blessed companion Usama ibn Zaid Radi-Allahu anhu, reports that he asked Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam: “Messenger of Allah, I have seen you fasting in the month of Sha’ban so frequently that I have never seen you fasting in any other month.” Muhammad (SA) replied: “That (Sha’ban) is a month between Rajab and Ramadan which is neglected by many people. And it is a month in which an account of the deeds (of human beings) is presented before the Lord of the universe. So, I wish that my deeds be presented at a time when I am in a state of fasting.”
3. Ummul Mu’mineen ‘Aishah Radi-Allahu anha says, “Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam used to fast the whole of Sha’ban. I said to him, ‘Messenger of Allah, is Sha’ban your most favourite month for fasting?’ He said, ‘In this month Allah prescribes the list of the persons dying this year. Therefore, I like that my death comes when I am in a state of fasting.”
4. In another Tradition she says, “Muhammad (SA) would sometimes begin to fast continuously until we thought he would not stop fasting, and sometimes he used to stop fasting until we thought he would never fast. I never saw the Messenger of Allah fasting a complete month, except the month of Ramadan, and I have never seen him fasting in a month more frequently than he did in Sha’ban.”
5. In another report she says, “I never saw the Messenger of Allah fasting in a month so profusely as he did in the month of Sha’ban. He used to fast in that month leaving only a few days, rather, he used to fast almost the whole of the month.”
6. Ummul-Mu’mineen Umm Salmah Radi-Allahu anha says : “I have never seen the Messenger of Allah fasting for two months continuously except in the months of Sha’ban and Ramadan.”
These reports indicate that fasting in the month of Sha’ban, though not obligatory, is so meritorious that Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam, did not like to miss it.
But it should be kept in mind that the fasts of Sha’ban are for those persons only who are capable of keeping them without causing deficiency in the obligatory fasts of Ramadan. Therefore, if one fears that after fasting in Sha’ban, he will lose strength or freshness for the fasts of Ramadan and will not be able to fast in it with freshness, he should not fast in Sha’ban, because the fasts of Ramadan, being obligatory, are more important than the optional fasts of Sha’ban. That is why Hazrat Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam himself has forbidden the Muslims from fasting one or two days immediately before the commencement of Ramadan. The blessed companion Abu Hurairah Radi-Allahu anhu reports Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam to have said, “Do not fast after the first half of the month of Sha’ban is gone.”
According to another report Prophet Muhammad (SA) has said: “Do not precede the month of Ramadan with one or two fasts.”
The essence of the above-quoted Ahadith is that Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam himself used to fast most of the month of Sha’ban, because he had no fear of developing weakness or weariness before the commencement of Ramadan. As for others, he ordered them not to fast after the 15th of Sha’ban for the fear that they would lose their strength and freshness before Ramadan starts, and would not be able to welcome the month of obligatory Ramadan with enthusiasm.
Another significant feature of the month of Sha’ban is that it consists of a night which is termed in Shariah as ‘Laylatul-bara’ah’ (The night of freedom from fire). This is the night occurring between 14th and 15th day of Sha’ban. There are certain Traditions of Prophet Muhammad (SA) to prove that it is a meritorious night in which the people of the earth are attended by special Divine mercy. Some of these Traditions are quoted as follows:
1. Ummul-Mu’mineen ‘Aishah Radi-Allahu anha is reported to have said, “Once Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam performed the Salah of the night (Tahajjud) and made a very long Sajdah until I feared that he had passed away. When I saw this, I rose (from my bed) and moved his thumb (to ascertain whether he is alive). The thumb moved, and I returned (to my place). Then I heard him saying in Sajdah: “I seek refuge of Your forgiveness from Your punishment, and I seek refuge of Your pleasure from Your annoyance, and I seek Your refuge from Yourself. I cannot praise You as fully as You deserve. You are exactly as You have defined Yourself. Thereafter, when he raised his head from Sajdah and finished his Salah, he said to me: “Aishah, did you think that the Prophet has betrayed you?” I said, “No, O Prophet of Allah, but I was afraid that your soul has been taken away because your Sajdah was very long.” He asked me, “Do you know which night is this?” I said, “Allah and His Messenger know best. “He said, “This is the night of the half of Sha’ban. Allah Almighty looks upon His slaves in this night and forgives those who seek forgiveness and bestows His mercy upon those who pray for mercy but keeps those who have malice (against Muslim) as they were before, (and does not forgive them unless they relieve themselves from malice).'”
2. In another Tradition Aishah Radi-Allahu anha has reported that Prophet Muhammad (SA) has said, “Allah Almighty descends (in a manner He best knows it) in the night occurring in the middle of Sha’ban and forgives a large number of people more than the number of the fibers on the sheep of the tribe, Kalb.”
Kalb was a big tribe the members of which had a very large number of sheep. Therefore, the last sentence of the Hadith indicates the big number of the people who are forgiven in this night by Allah Almighty.
3. In yet another Tradition, she has reported Muhammad (SA) to have said, “This is the middle Night of Sha’ban. Allah frees in it a large number of the people from Fire, more than the number of the hair growing on the sheep of the tribe, Kalb. But He does not even look at a person who associates partners with Allah, or at a person who nourishes malice in his heart (against someone), or at a person who cuts off the ties of kinship, or at a man who leaves his clothes extending beyond his ankles (as a sign of pride), or at a person who disobeys his parents, or at a person who has a habit of drinking wine.”
4. Mu’az ibn Jabal (RA) reports that Muhammad (SA) has said: “Allah Almighty looks upon all those created by Him, in the middle Night of Sha’ban and forgives all those created by Him, except the one who associates partners with Him or the one who has malice in his heart (against a Muslim)”.
Although the chain of narrators of some of these Traditions suffers with some minor technical defects, yet when all these Traditions are combined together, it becomes clear that this night has some well founded merits, and observing this night as a sacred night is not a baseless concoction as envisaged by some modern scholars who, on the basis of these minor defects, have totally rejected to give any special importance to this night. In fact, some of these traditions have been held by some scholars of Hadith as authentic and the defects in the chain of some others have been treated by them as minor technical defects, which, according to the Science of Hadith, are curable by the variety of their ways of narration. That is why the elders of the Ummah have constantly been observing this night as a night of special merits and have been spending it in worship and prayers.
In order to observe the Night of Bara’ah, one should remain awakened in this night as much as he can. If someone has better opportunities, he should spend the whole night in worship and prayer. However, if one cannot do so for one reason or another, he can select a considerable portion of the night, preferably of the second half of it for this purpose, and should perform the following acts of worship :
(a) Salat. Salat is the most preferable act to be performed in this night. There is no particular number of rak’at, but preferably it should not be less than eight. It is also advisable that each part of the Salat like qiyam, rukoo’ and sajdah should be longer than normal.
(b) Tilawat. The recitation of the Holy Qur’an is another form of worship, very beneficent in this night. After performing Salat, or at any other time, one should recite as much of the Holy Qur’an as he/she can.
(c) Zikr. One should also perform Zikr (recitation of the name of Allah) in this night. Particularly the following Zikr is very useful:
One should recite Salah (Durood) on Prophet Muhammad (SA) as many times as he can. The Zikr can also be recited while walking, lying on bed and during other hours of work or leisure.
(d) Dua. The best benefit one can draw from the blessings of this night is prayers and supplications. It is hoped that all the prayers in this night will be accepted by our Lord, insha-Allah.
Prayer itself is an ‘Ibadah, and Allah Almighty gives reward on each prayer along with the fulfillment of the supplicator’s need. Even if the purpose prayed for is not achieved, one cannot be deprived of the reward of the prayer which is sometimes more precious than the mundane benefits one strives for. The prayers and supplications also strengthen one’s relation with Allah Almighty, which is the main purpose of all kinds and forms of worship.
One can pray for whatever purpose he wishes. But the best supplications are the ones made by Muhammad (SA). These are so comprehensive and all-encompassing prayers that all the human needs of this world and the Hereafter are fully covered in the eloquent expressions used in them. Actually, the Prophetic prayers are so profound that human imagination can not reach their greatness.
Several books in various languages are available which provide these Prophetic prayers, and one should pray to Allah Almighty in accordance with them, whether by reciting their original Arabic text or by rendering their sense in one’s own language.
(e) There are some people who cannot perform any additional Salah or recitations for any reason, like illness or weakness or being engaged in some other necessary activities. Such people also should not deprive themselves completely of the blessings of this night. They should observe the following acts :
(i) To perform the Salah of Maghrib, ‘Isha’ and Fajr with Jama’ah in the mosque, or in their homes in case of their being sick.
(ii) They should keep reciting the Zikr, particularly the one mentioned in para (c) above, in whatever condition they are, until they sleep.
(iii) They should pray to Allah for their forgiveness and for their other objectives. One can do so even when he/she is in rest.
(f) The women during their periods cannot perform Salah, nor can they recite the Qur’an, but they can recite any zikr, tasbeeh, durood sharif and can pray to Allah for whatever purpose they like in whatever language they wish. They can also recite the Arabic prayers mentioned in the Qur’an or in the Hadith with the intention of supplication (and not with the intention of recitation).
(g) According to a Hadith, which is relatively less authentic, Muhammad (SA) went in this night to the graveyard of Baqi’ where he prayed for the Muslims buried there. On this basis, some of the fuqaha hold it as Mustahabb (advisable) in this night to go to the graveyard of the Muslims and recite Fatihah or any other part of the Qur’an, and pray for the dead. But this act is neither obligatory nor should it be performed as regularly as an obligatory act.
1. As mentioned earlier, the Night of Bara’ah is a night in which special blessings are directed towards the Muslims. Therefore, this night should be spent in total submission to Allah Almighty, and one should refrain from all those activities, which may displease Allah. Although it is always incumbent upon every Muslim to abstain from sins, yet this abstinence becomes all the more necessary in such nights, because committing sins in this night will amount to responding to Divine blessings with disobedience and felony. Such an arrogant attitude can invite nothing but the wrath of Allah. Therefore, one should strictly abstain from all the sins, particularly from those mentioned in the Hadith No. 3 quoted earlier in this article, because these sins make one devoid of the blessings of this night.
2. In this night some people indulge in some activities which they regard as necessary for the celebration of the Night of Bara’ah, like cooking some special type of meal for themselves, or illuminating houses or mosques, or improvised structures. All such activities are not only baseless and innovated in the later days but in some cases they are pure imitation of some rituals performed by other communities. Such imitation in itself is a sin; performing it in a blessed night like the Night of Bara’ah makes it worse. Muslims should abstain from all such activities.
3. Some people spend this night in holding religious meetings and delivering long speeches. Such activities are also not advisable, because these acts can easily be performed in other nights. This night requires one to devote himself/herself for the acts of worship only.
4. The acts of worship like Salah, recitation of the Qur’an and Zikr should be performed in this night individually, not collectively. On the contrary, this night is meant for worshipping Allah in solitude. It is the time to enjoy the direct contact with the Lord of the Universe, and to devote one’s attention to Him and Him alone. These are the precious hours of the night in which nobody should intervene between one and his/her Lord, and one should turn to Allah with total concentration, not disturbed or intermitted by any one else.
That is why Hazrat Muhammad (SA) observed the acts of worship in this night in total seclusion, not accompanied by anyone, not even by his life companion Aishah Radi-Allahu anha, and that is why all forms of the optional worship (nafl ibadah), are advised by him to be done in individual, not in collective manner.
On the day immediately following the Night of Bara’ah, i.e. the 15th of Sha’ban, it is Mustahabb (advisable) to keep fast. Prophet Muhammad (SA), is reported to have recommended this fast emphatically. Although the scholars of Hadith have some doubts in the authenticity of this report, yet it is mentioned earlier that the fasts of the first half of Sha’ban have special merits and Hazrat Muhammad (SM) used to fast most of the days in Sha’ban. Moreover, a large number of the elders (salaf) of the Ummah have been observing the fast of the 15th of Sha’ban. This constant practice indicates that they have accepted the relevant Hadith as authentic.
Therefore, it is advisable to fast the 15th of Sha’ban as an optional (nafl) fast.